<p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">一、热管简介：<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">热管是一种具有特高导热性能的新颖传热元件。热管起源于二十世纪六十年代的美国，<span lang="EN-US">1967</span>年一根不锈钢——水热管初次被送入地球卫星轨道并运行成功，热管理论一经提出就得到了各国科学家的高度重视，并展开了大量的研究工作，使得热管技术得以很快发展。热管技术开始主要用于航天航空领域，我国自二十世纪<span lang="EN-US">70</span>年代开始对热管进行研究，自<span lang="EN-US">80</span>年代以来相继开发了热管气－气换热器、热管气－水换热器、热管余热锅炉、热管蒸汽发生器、热管热风炉等各类热管产品，使得热管在建材工业、冶金工业、化工及石油化工、动力工程、纺织工业、玻璃工业、电子电器工程等领域内得到广泛的应用。<strong><span lang="EN-US"></span></strong></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">二、热管的工作原理及特点<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US">1</span></strong><strong quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">、工作原理<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">热管由管壳、吸液芯和端盖组成，将管内抽成<span lang="EN-US">1.3</span>×（<span lang="EN-US">10^-1</span>～<span lang="EN-US">10^-4</span>）<span lang="EN-US">Pa</span>的负压后充以适量的工作液体，使紧贴管内壁的吸液芯毛细多孔材料中充满液体后加以密封。管的一端为蒸发段（加热段），另一端为冷凝段（冷却段），根据应用需要在两段中间可布置绝热段。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">热管是依靠自身内部工作液体相变来实现传热的传热元件<span lang="EN-US">,</span>具有超常的热活性和热敏感性，遇热而吸，遇冷而放。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">、基本特性<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US">2.1</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">超强的导热性：导热速度快、强度大、效率高，导热速度可达到音速。<span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US">2.2</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">良好的等温性：良好的等温性使热管在很小的温差下，传递很大的热通量，传热阻力小。<span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US">2.3</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">热流密度可变性：热管可以单独改变蒸发段或冷却段的加热面积，即以较小的加热面积输入热量，而以非常大的冷却面积输出热量，或者热管可以非常大的传热面积输入热量，而以较小的冷却面积输出热量。<span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US">2.4</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">安全可靠性：不存在管内超压，不怕干烧。液体工质汽化后，热管的内压不随温度的变化而变化。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US">2.5</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">环境的适应性：不受环境的限制，热管可根据环境的需要而单独设计。<span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US">2.6</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">应用领域广。超导热管形状具有更大的灵活性，更广泛的应用领域，能适应各种恶劣的工作环境。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">三、热管余热回收装置工作原理<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">热管是余热回收装置的主要热传导元件，与普通的热交换器有着本质的不同。热管余热回收装置的换热效率可达<span quot;color: black;" lang="EN-US">98</span>％以上，这是普通热交换器无法比拟的。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">热管余热回收装置体积小，只是普通热交换器的</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US">1/3</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。其工作原理如下图所示：左边为烟气通道，右边为清洁空气（水或其它介质）通道，中间有隔板分开互不干扰。高温烟气由左边通道排放，排放时高温烟气冲刷热管，当烟气温度＞</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US">30</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">℃时，热管被激活便自动将热量传导至右边，这时热管左边吸热，高温烟气流经热管后温度下降，热量被热管吸收并传导至右边。常温清洁空气（水或其它介质）在鼓风机作用下，沿右边通道反方向流动冲刷热管，这时热管右边放热，将清洁空气（水或其它介质）加热，空气流经热管后温度升高。</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">四、热管余热回收装置的性能特点<span lang="EN-US">:<span quot;color: red;"><br /></span></span></span></strong><strong><span quot;font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-US">1</span></strong><strong><span quot;font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">、</span></strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">安全可靠性高：<span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span>常规的换热设备一般都是间壁换热，冷热流体分别在器壁的两侧流过，如管壁或器壁有泄露，则将造成停产损失。热管余热回收器则是二次间壁换热，即热流要通过热管的蒸发段管壁和冷凝段管壁才能传到泠流体。<span lang="EN-US"><br />2</span>、热管余热回收器传热效率高，节能效果显著。<span lang="EN-US"><br />3</span>、热管余热回收器具有良好的防腐蚀能力<span lang="EN-US"> <br /><span quot;mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span></span>热管管壁的温度可以调节，可以通过适当的热流变换把热管管壁温度调整在低温流体的露点之上，从而可防止露点腐蚀，保证设备的长期运行。由于避开烟气露点，使灰尘不易粘结于肋片和管壁上。同时热管在导热时会产生自振动，使灰不易粘附在管壁和翅片上，因而不会堵灰。<span lang="EN-US"><br />4</span>、安装及结构布置灵活<span lang="EN-US">:<br /><span quot;mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span>热管余热回收器的安装无需改变原工艺系统<span lang="EN-US">,</span>结构设计和位置布置非常灵活<span lang="EN-US">,</span>可适应各种复杂的场合。<span lang="EN-US"><br />5</span>、使用寿命长：<span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span>使用寿命在<span lang="EN-US">10</span>年以上，单根热管可拆卸更换，维护简单成本低。<span lang="EN-US"><br />6</span>、投入资金回收期短：<span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span>一般在六个月至一年就可回收全部投入资金。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">五、热管余热回收器的应用领域：<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US">1</span></strong><strong quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">、<strong><span quot;font-family: 宋体;">在化工及石油化工工业中的应用：<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></strong></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span quot;font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span quot;mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US"><span quot;mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小合成氨上、下行煤气余热回收、中合成氨上、下行煤气余热回收、合成氨吹风气燃烧的余热回收、合成氨一段转化炉烟气余热回收、</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US">30</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">万吨／年合成氨二段转化炉余热回收。</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span quot;font-size: small;"><strong><span lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong><span quot;font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span></strong><strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在硫酸工业中的应用：</span></strong></span><strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-US">2.1</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在硫酸生产沸腾焙烧炉沸腾层内的余热回收；一个年产</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US">10</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">万吨硫酸的工厂可回收</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US">5.5</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">万吨蒸汽；</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="EN-US"><br />2.2</span></span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">从沸腾中出来的</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US">SO²</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">高温炉气中回收余热；一个年产</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US">10</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">万吨硫酸的工厂可回收</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US">10.5</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">万吨蒸汽，可发电价值约</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US">600</span><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">万元；</span></p> <p quot;line-height: 150%;"><strong><span quot;font-family: 宋体;"><span quot;font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>、<strong><span quot;font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">在盐酸、硝酸炉的应用：基本同上<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></strong></span></span></strong></p> <p quot;line-height: 150%;"><strong><span quot;font-size: small;"><span quot;font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US">4</span>、</span></span><strong><span quot;font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span quot;font-size: small;">在石油化工中的应用：</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></strong></strong><span quot;font-size: small;"><strong><span quot;font-weight: normal; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-US">4.1</span></strong><span quot;font-family: 宋体;">烃类热解炉中的余热回收；</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">4.2</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">乙苯脱氢反应器中的余热回收；</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">4.3</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">环已醇脱氢化学反应器中的余热回收；</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">4.4</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">催化、裂化更新取热器中的余热回收；</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">4.5</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">其它各种加热炉中的余热回收；</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">5</span></strong></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">、</span><strong><span quot;font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span quot;font-size: small;">在建材工业中的应用：</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></strong><span quot;font-size: small;"><strong><span quot;font-weight: normal; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-US">5.1</span></strong><span quot;font-family: 宋体;">在高岭土喷雾干燥热风炉中的余热回收；</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">5.2</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">玻璃窑炉中的余热回收；</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">5.3</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">水泥窑炉中的余热回收；</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">5.4</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">各种陶瓷倒燃炉及遂道窑中的余热回收；</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">6</span></strong></span><strong quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span quot;font-family: 宋体;"><span quot;font-size: small;">、<strong><span quot;font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">在冶金工业中的应用：</span></strong></span></span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">6.1</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">轧钢连续加热炉和均热炉中的余热回收；（参见下面系统示意图）</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">6.2</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">坯件加热炉中的余热回收；</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">6.3</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">线材退火炉中的余热回收；</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">6.4</span></span><span quot;font-size: small; font-family: 宋体;">烧结机中的余热回收；以一台<span lang="EN-US">180M²</span>的烧结机为例，可回收蒸汽量达<span lang="EN-US">10-22T</span>／<span lang="EN-US">h</span>；</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">六、余热的回收利用途径很多：</span></strong><strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-US">1</span><strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">、</span></strong><span quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体;">一般说来，综合利用余热较好；其次是直接利用；第三是间接利用（产生蒸汽用来发电）。<span lang="EN-US"><br />2</span>、余热蒸汽的合理利用顺序是：动力供热联合使用；发电供热联合使用；生产工艺使用；生活使用；冷凝发电用。<span lang="EN-US"><br />3</span>、余热热水的合理利用顺序是：供生产工艺常年使用；返回锅炉及发电使用；生活用。<span lang="EN-US"><br />4</span>、余热空气的合理利用顺序是：生产用；暖通空调用；动力用；发电用。<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span>七、<strong><span quot;font-family: 宋体;">余热回收技术及回收方式：</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><br />1</span>、分离式热管余热回收技术；<span lang="EN-US"><br />2</span>、整体式热管余热回收技术；<span lang="EN-US"><br />3</span>、余热回收方式：余热回收的设计及方式的不同，可带来完全不同的结果，即回收的余热数量或蒸汽量完全不一样。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>